Dutch Fort - a short history

The Dutch Fort on Pangkor island is called Kota Belanda by local Malaysians. It is located at Teluk Gedung, just south of Pangkor Town on the South West part of the island. However, Dutch records referred to it as the Dindinghs fort ('Dingdingh') - named after the Dindingh River.

The Dindingh River faces the coast of the Peninsula. Perak was the main tin-producing kingdom in the whole Peninsula. The Dutch East India Company (V.O.C. - Vereenigde Oostindische Companie) wanted to control and monopolize its trade. Therefore their ships blockaded Perak for much of the 17th and 18th century.

There was also a strategic reason for this blockade. Perak was a vassal of Acheh in Indonesia. At the time, the Dutch were at war with the Sumatran state.

For this reason a Dutch outpost was established in 1670 to support this blockade. It was also to prevent the occupation of the island by the English, who were by then active trade competitors in the region.

The other reason to build this fort at Teluk Gedung was to prevent Pangkor from being occupied by the English. The English became by then an active trade competitor in the region.

The Dutch stationed 59 men at the fort. According to a report of the Governor Balthasar Bort in 1678 there were a superintendent merchant, a captain, a bookkeeper, three assistants, three second mates, two junior surgeons, eight men-at-arms and 40 seamen stationed. They were manning the garrison and its small flotilla of the yacht 'Laren', the sloop 'Cacap' and the boat 'Dingdingh'.

The Dutch were the only inhabitants of Pangkor. The Dutch Fort was build as a strong bastion. William Dampier, an English explorer, wrote a report saying: "The Dutch Fort is built four-square, without flankers or bastions, like a house: every square is about ten or twelve yards. The walls are of a good thickness, made of stone, and carried up to a good height of about thirty foot, and covered overhead, like a dwelling house."

"There may be about twelve or fourteen guns in it, some looking out at every square. These guns are mounted on a strong platform, made within the walls about sixteen foot high; and there are steps on the outside to ascend to the door that opens to the platform, there being no other way into the fort."

"Here is a governor and about twenty to thirty soldiers, who all lodge in the fort. The soldiers have their lodgings in the platform among the guns, but the governor has a fair chamber above it, where he lies with some officers."

"About a hundred yards from the fort, on the bay by the sea, there is a low timbered house, where the Governor abides all the day time. In this house there were two or three rooms for their use, but the chief among them was the Governor's Dining-Room. This fronted to the sea, and the end of it looked towards the Fort."

"The distance between it (the fort) and the river's mouth is about 4 or 5 Miles; they have also a Guard-ship commonly lying here, and a Sloop with 20 or 30 armed Men, to hinder other nations from this trade.... The Dutch also commonly keep a Guard-ship, and have made some fruitless essays to bring that Prince and his Subjects to trade only with them; but here over against Dinding, no Strangers dare approach to trade- neither may any Ship come in hither but with consent of the Dutch."

All supplies were brought from Melaka because, according to Dampier, the garrison was in "a continual fear of the Malayans, with whom though they have a commerce, yet dare they not trust them so far, as to be ranging about the Island in any work of husbandry, or indeed to go far from the Fort for there only they are safe."

"They fired several guns to give notice to the Malayans that they were ready for them; but none of them came on. For this uproar was occasioned by a Malayan canoe full of armed men that lay skulking under the island, close by the shore: and when a Dutch Boat went out to fish, the Malayans set upon them suddenly and unexpected, with their krises and lances, and killing one or two the rest leapt overboard, and got away, for they were close by the shore: and they having no arms were not able to have made any resistance.

It was about a mile from the Fort: and being landed, every one of them made what haste he could to the fort, and the first that arrived was he who cried in that manner, and frighten the Governor from supper."

"We kept good watch all night, having all our guns loaded and primed for service. But it rained so hard all the night, that I did not much fear being attacked by any Malayan; being informed by one of our seamen, whom we took in at Malacca, that the Malayans seldom or never make any attack when it rains. The next morning the Dutch sloop weighed, and went to look after the Malayans; but having sailed about the Island, and seeing no enemies they anchored again."

In 1690 the Dutch garrison was again attacked by the Malays. Pang lima Kulup was responsible for the garrison massacred. On 24 June 1693 an order was given that, in consequence of this massacre, no garrison should be posted again at Pulau Dinding.

However a stone pillar should be erected there I should have on one side the arms of the United East India Company. On the other should be the arms of the United Provinces. This should be as a token of Dutch possession. In 1695 and 1721 and 1729, orders were issued for the repair of this stone.

On 20 November 1745 Governor-General Gustraaf Willem, Baron van Imhoff ordered the rebuilding of the fort at Pulau Dinding. It was to have a garrison of 30 Europeans and 30 Asians (with the provision that they were not Bugis). Then, according to Malacca records under the date 22 October 1746, an under-merchant, Ary Verbrugge, was sent to Perak.

He had to make sure the king would allow a fort to be erected up-river and agree to sell all tin to the Company. On 25 June 1747 Sultan Muzaffar Shah III of Perak signed an agreement to deliver all tin to the Dutch. He also granted permission for a fort to be built anywhere in his kingdom. A Malay history of Perak, the 'Misa Melayu', describes how the Dutch fortified a brick factory (gudang) at Pangkalan Halban on Tanjong Putus. This was established on 18 October 1748 and van Imhoff ordered the removal of the garrison from Pulau Dinding to this new fort.

In 1795, Malacca was taken over by Great Britain. Lord Camelford (then a lieutenant in the Navy), and Lieutenant Macalister proceeded up the Perak river with a small force. They compelled Christopher Wabash to surrender the Dutch fort at Tanjong Putus, which in the nineteenth century was broken up by an English Superintendent of Lower Perak to metal the roads of Teluk Anson (now called Teluk Intan)!

A short distance from the Dindings fort is Batu Bersurat (Sacred Written Rock). On this massive rock, drawings of a tiger mauling what is believed to be a child can be found. This large granite boulder has the inscription '1743 I.F.CRALO' and the initials 'VOC' (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie - The Dutch East India Company), and the image of a tiger.

The story behind it is that the child of a Dutch dignitary, who played by the rock, disappeared with no trace and it was presumed that a tiger had taken the child. However the villagers said that it wasn't the tiger that had taken the boy, but more probably angry Malays, who wanted to rid Pangkor of the Dutch. The Dutch could have also chiseled this incident on the stone depicting the Malays as a tiger. And thus the rock became knows as Tiger Rock.

The National Museum (Muzium Negara) undertook the reconstruction of the Dindings fort in 1973. The Dutch Fort became a historical monument under the Antiquities Act in 1976.

The history of the Dutch Fort is one of the interesting parts of the Malaysian history. If you want to know more on Malaysia's history, please click here

Apart of the Dutch Fort, there is more to see at Pangkor. Please go back for more information on the attractions at Pulau Pangkor

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